marți, 28 august 2007

Detronarea lui Cuza si aducerea prinţului străin.

Act de independenţă al Principatelor române.


        Alegerea lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza in 1859 ca domnitor al Principatelor nu a fost scopul alegerilor ci calea spre atingerea acestui scop care era unirea. Adunările Ad-Hoc ale Moldovei si Ţării Româneşti işi exprimasetă dorinţele: unirea Principatelor intr-un singur stat; autonomia şi neutralitatea noului stat astfel format; prinţ străin dintr-o familie domnitoare europeană, inviolabilitatea noului stat, guvern reprezentativ si constituţional, garanţia colectivă a celor şapte mari puteri.Alegerea lui Cuza a fost un compromis pe care Cuza la cunoscut. El ştia că trebuie să abdice ulterior.
        Uunirea Principatelor nu fusese recunoscută decât pe timpul domniei lui Cuza. Succesiune la tron nu era reglementată, iar Cuza accepta să să abdice doar cu consimţământul marilor puteri garante. In aceste condiţii securitatea şi chear unirea principatelor era in mare pericol. In cazul morţii sau abdicării anunţate a lui Cuza, marile puteri vecine puteau interveni pentru susţinerea anumitor pretendenţi la tron. Şi chear unirea putea fi anulată.
        Astfel elita politică românească hotărăşte inlăturarea lui Cuza. In noaptea de 10/22 -11/23 februarie 1866 colonelul C.Haralambie şi maiorul D.Lecca l-au obligat pe domnitor să abdice.
Singura greşeală a lui Cuza a fost ritmul reformelor pe care a vrut sà il impună, asta mai ales după lovitura de stat din 2 mai 1864, prin care şi-a lărgit prorogativele. In noaptea de 10/22 -11/23 februarie 1866; a fost instituită o locotenenţă domnească alcătuită din L.Catargiu, N.Golescu si colonelul Haralambie din partea armatei şi un guvern provizoriu, sub conducerea lui Ion Ghica, acesta deţinând şi portofoliul afacerilor externe.
        Astfel conducătorii români au dorit să pună iar marile puteri in faţa “faptului implinit”, fapt ce a deranjat in special Inalta Poartă şi Austria, dar nici celelalte puteri nu şi-au ascuns resentimentele faţă de evenimentele de la Bucureşti. Turcia a ameninţat cu invazia, in aceste condiţii Locotenenţa Domnească a hotărât mobilizarea armatei. O altă problemă a fost mişcarea separatistă de la Iaşi din 3 aprilie 1866, organizată de elemente boiereşti şi sprijinită de forţe externe care doreau anularea Unirii.
        Chiar în prima zi a fiinţării Locotenenţei Camera şi Senatul se reunesc sub preşedinţia mitropolitului primat Nifon şi aleg ca domnitor al Principatelor Române Unite pe „Alteţa sa regală Filip Eugeniu Ferdinand Maria Clement Balduin Leopold George, comite de Flandra şi Duce de Saxonia, sub numele de Filip I”. Acesta refuză şi la propunerea lui Napoleon al III-lea, pe data de 19 martie, I.C. Brătianu se deplasează, cu acordul guvernului, la Düsseldorf pentru a încerca să obţină acceptul principelui Carol Ludovic de Hohenzollern de a deveni domnul României. Acesta după ce se consultă cu tatăl său acceptă.
        In 2 - 8 aprilie Locotenenţa Domnească organizează un plebiscit cu privire la alegerea principelui Carol ca domnitor al României. Rezultatul plebiscitului a fost de 685.869 voturi pentru, 12.837 abţineri şi 224 voturi contra. In cadrul Adunării 109 deputaţi s-au pronunţat pentru alegerea principelui Carol, în vreme ce 6 s-au abţinut. Locotenenţa Domnească a luat sfârşit la 10 mai 1866, o dată cu depunera jurământului (citit în limba română de Nicolae Haralambie) de către domnitorul Carol I.
        Tot atunci sa pus in discuţie crearea unei constituţii. Astfel Adunarea Electivă devine acum Adunare Constituantă. Constituţia de la 1866 este prima constituţie românească. Ea a organizat statul român având la bază principiul separaţiei puterilor în stat. Constituţia proclama că puterea emana de la naţiune. Ea reglementa succesiunea la tron şi stabilea ca membrii familiei domnitoare să nu se căsătorească cu membrii ai familiiilor pământene pentru a evita orce comflict pentru tron.
        Domnia lui Cuza, reformele lui, domnia lui Carol I şi Constituţia de la 1866 au pus bazele şi au consolidat statul român modern. Abdicarea lui Cuza şi alegerea lui Carol I ca domnitor al Principatele Unite a fost un act de independenţă prin care s-a vrut ieşirea de sub tutela marilor putrri.





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